Measles is less of a concern for adults, because most of them have received the MMR vaccine series. These immunizations, which protect against measles, mumps, and rubella, work incredibly well.
The first dose alone is 93 percent effective. Children who are less than a year old are naturally at a disadvantage if exposed. The recommended age for babies to receive their first vaccine is 12 to 15 months.
Health experts explain that babies retain passive immunity from their mothers after birth, which can prevent them from effectively responding to vaccination. Also be aware that insurance plans may not cover the cost for babies who receive the MMR vaccine early. Minimizing the spread of measles is relatively simple thanks to vaccines. So, why is it making such a comeback? Some travelers unknowingly contract measles while visiting another location, and then spread it once they return.
Even though the vaccine has drastically reduced mumps cases, outbreaks still occur. Outbreaks have most commonly occurred among groups of people who have prolonged, close contact, such as sharing water bottles or cups, kissing, practicing sports together, or living in close quarters, with a person who has mumps. Some vaccinated people may still get mumps if they are exposed to the virus.
However, disease symptoms are milder in vaccinated people. Make sure you are protected against mumps with measles-mumps-rubella MMR vaccine. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. UGP Home. About About HHMI is a science philanthropy whose mission is to advance basic biomedical research and science education for the benefit of humanity. Programs Programs HHMI empowers exceptional scientists and students to pursue fundamental questions in basic science.
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Dec 17 Research. Scientist Profiles. Robert A. A study in United Kingdom showed that the rate of aseptic meningitis was 9 cases per , vaccine doses [ ]. This result was confirmed by a study conducted in multicenter. According to these findings, mumps vaccine containing Urabe strain was stopped purchasing in the United Kingdom in In Japan, nationwide surveillance was run by the Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare during , and reported an incidence of 49 cases of aseptic meningitis per , doses of MMR vaccine containing the Urabe mumps strain [ ].
Until , a cumulative incidence of aseptic meningitis achieved cases per , doses of MMR containing the Urabe mumps strain , therefore all MMR vaccines were withdrawn from market of Japan in April [ ]. Incidence of MuV infection among vaccinated school- and high school-age children increased in the late s, followed by sustained decrease in incidence after children were recommended to receive a second dose of MMR vaccine at four six years of age [ 41 ].
However, resurgence of outbreaks of MuV infection continues to occur in developed countries in recent years [ 7 , 18 , 29 ]. Based on the previous studies [ 77 , 83 , 85 ], the vaccine has proven itself to be highly efficacious.
What factors contribute to the occurrence of mumps cases? There are several hypotheses to explain the increasing number of mumps outbreak: 1 antigenic differences between vaccine strain and contemporary circulating strains might permit immune escape. However, this theory seems unlikely given that sera collected from individuals shortly after vaccination have been shown to effectively neutralize a mass array of genetically disparate virus strains [ ]; 2 waning of vaccine-induced immunity have been proposed as a likely contributor of mumps outbreaks [ 88 ].
Several studies have shown time after vaccination with declining concentrations of mumps virus-specific antibodies, decreased vaccine effectiveness, and increased risk of suffering from mumps virus infection [ 7 , ]. The hypothesis that waning immunity is a cause of global resurgence in mumps cases suggests administration of an additional dose of vaccine during adolescence [ 77 , ].
Between and , there are numerous mumps outbreaks occurred throughout United States. To reflex these urgent events, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices ACIP recommended a third dose of MMR vaccine for groups of persons justified by public health authorities at increased risk for acquiring mumps due to an outbreak of mumps [ 5 ].
Subsequently, a guidance was developed by the Centers for Disease Control CDC and Prevention in the US to assist public health authorities when making decisions that effect groups at risk of acquiring mumps. Such groups should receive a third dose of the mumps vaccine. Based on the CDC guidance, public health authorities may opt to use when considering a third dose of MMR for controlling mumps outbreak [ 5 ].
In summary, although mumps is a benign clinical disease, it has become an important re-emerging pathogen. The reemergence of MuV infection will continue to threaten people unless additional preventive measures are implemented. Mumps vaccine strains have been used in the world and have shown that live mumps vaccines are highly cost-effectiveness for vaccination, despite the occasional occurrence of aseptic meningitis.
Improving our understanding of mumps virus infection epidemiology, pathogenesis, and concerns over vaccine safety and efficacy are important steps to better intervene in the mumps virus infection spread. Conceptualization: S. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Published online Mar 5. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Jan 17; Accepted Feb This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract Mumps is an important childhood infectious disease caused by mumps virus MuV. Keywords: mumps, epidemiology, pathogenesis, vaccine. Introduction Mumps is known as an important vaccine-preventable childhood viral disease [ 1 ]. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Epidemiology Mumps was a serious disease that cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide before the program of mumps vaccination starting [ 5 ].
Table 1 Comparison of mumps incidence between the pre-vaccine and post-vaccine eras among some countries. Pathogenesis Both mumps and parainfluenza virus belong to the paramyxovirus group and are antigenically related. Mumps Vaccines 4. General Considerations The first inactivated mumps vaccine was developed and used in the USA in [ 1 ].
Table 2 Composition of measles-mumps-rubella MMR vaccines [ 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 ]. Jeryl Lynn Strain Mumps Vaccine The Jeryl Lynn strain, named after a woman who developed mumps with unilateral parotitis in , was the first vaccine strain to be produced in the USA by passaging the virus in embryonated hen eggs and chicken embryo fibroblast cultures [ 76 , 79 , 80 , 81 ].
Leningrad-3 Strain Mumps Vaccine The Leningrad-3 mumps attenuated strain was produced in the Soviet Union using the various strains obtained after 16 serial passages in guinea pig kidney tissue culture, and then further passages in Japanese quail embryo cultures [ ]. LeningradZagreb Strain Mumps Vaccine In Croatia and India, the LeningradZagreb L-Zagreb strain was developed by further passage of the Leningrad-3 mumps virus by adaptation in chick embryo fibroblast cell culture [ 79 , ].
Rubini Strain Mumps Vaccine The Rubini strain was derived from a child of the same name presenting typical clinical signs and symptoms of mumps infection. Urabe Strain Mumps Vaccine The Biken Institute in Japan developed the Urabe Am9 strain vaccine from mumps virus isolated from the saliva of a patient in , and thereafter, the vaccine was licensed in Belgium, France, Italy, and many countries worldwide [ 76 , 78 ]. Conclusions In summary, although mumps is a benign clinical disease, it has become an important re-emerging pathogen.
Author Contributions Conceptualization: S. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest exist.
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